Celebrate

Happy International Pi Approximation Day, readers!

Today I did the review exercises that I chose on Saturday and decided to forgo the challenge problems that follow them. This means that I have finally finished the first chapter of my textbook and, with it, the groundwork phase of my review project. I am now ready to start chapter two, which covers the actual calculus topics of limits and derivatives.

Over the weekend, I felt pretty discouraged that it has taken me more than four months to get through this chapter. (I started it on the other Pi Day, in fact.) Today I mostly feel pleased to have done it, though. We’ll see about tomorrow.

I don’t know if there is any good way to pick up the pace. There are a lot of days when my mind simply does not work well, and I have very little control over that. I could perhaps do fewer exercises, but I want to relearn the material thoroughly. As I’ve said before, my ultimate goal is to do some online tutoring, which requires laying out the steps to solve tricky problems quickly and in one’s head. (I do wonder how many days in a month I’m actually going to be able to do that, given my experience working on this review. Not none, hopefully.)


One of the exercises I did today concerned finding parametric equations for a curve called the Cissoid of Dioclese. It is traced by the point $P$ in the diagram below as $\theta$ varies from $-\frac{\pi}{2}$ to $\frac{\pi}{2}$. ($P$ is the point on $\overline{OB}$ such that $OP$ is equal to $AB$.)

Cissoid Small
Source: Single Variable Calculus by James Stewart

I was able to do this problem using the fact that a central angle has twice the measure of an inscribed angle subtended by the same arc, which is to say, that the measure of $\angle ADC$, below, is $2\theta$. (I proved this in the post Angles and Arcs.)

Cissoid Small Annotated

The way the diagram was drawn, however, suggests that mine wasn’t the author’s expected solution. Anyone have an idea about how to find expressions in terms of $\theta$ for the $x$ and $y$ coordinates of $P$ without using $\angle ADC$?

The cissoid looks like this (with the point $P$ renamed to $M$):

Cissoid Of Diocles By Dasha Mic
Source: Dasha Mic

Rolling Along

Today I worked on exercises in my calculus book concerning parametric curves. I also talked with my father a bit about cycloids, the curves traced by a point on the perimeter of a circle as the circle rolls along a line. (These are simplest to define parametrically.)

Cycloid By Zorgit
Cycloid animation by Zorgit

As part of our discussion, we imagined a related class of curves that turn out to be called called cyclogons, traced by a point at the vertex of a rolling regular polygon. Just as a circle is the limit of a sequence of polygons as the number of sides approaches infinity, so a cycloid is the limit of a sequence of cyclogons as the number of sides of the polygon approaches infinity. Visualizing this can make it more intuitive that the point that traces a cycloid never moves backward as the circle rolls. Check out this demonstration and notice how the point always traces part of the top half of a circle, passing through each horizontal position only once.

(I’d also like to draw readers’ attention to the series of videos on rolling curves that I shared a while ago: The Wonderful World of Weird Wheels by Morphocular)

Dancing Graphs

Today I was tired again and not feeling mathematically creative, so I worked on exercises in the review of trigonometry rather than doing more work on the parabola problem. A few of the exercises involved graphing trigonometric functions. I’ve always found something enchanting in the graphs of sine and cosine, especially when they dance together as shown below.

Simultaneous Sine And Cosine

I’ve also always wondered if there is a name for the leaf-like shape formed between them

Shape Between

(And while we’re on the subject, check out this lovely animation I found of sine and cosine graphed side by side.)

Sine And Cosine

Source